Vertical farming uses advanced technologies to grow crops in vertically stacked layers or controlled environments. Key technologies include:

1. Hydroponics:
   Growing plants without soil, using nutrient-rich water solutions.
2. Aeroponics:
   Plants are grown with roots suspended in the air and misted with nutrient solutions.
3. LED Lighting:
   Energy-efficient lights simulate sunlight, providing optimal wavelengths for photosynthesis.
4. Vertical Farming:
   Plants are grown in stacked layers, maximizing space usage and enabling farming in urban areas.
5. Automated Systems:
   Technological advancements like sensors and IoT are used to monitor and control growing conditions such as temperature, humidity, and nutrient levels for optimal plant growth.